In this module, we will first review the anatomy and physiology of how we hear. This review will be helpful in understanding the different forms of hearing loss and their distinguishing features. Important questions from the history will discriminate benign conditions such as age or noise-related hearing loss, from serious medical condition, such as a tumor on the eighth cranial nerve, a sudden rupture of the membranes within the cochlea, or cholesteatoma in the middle ear. Recognizing hearing loss and providing appropriate treatment is important to improve your patient’s quality of life and avoid missing opportunities to reverse hearing loss with timely medical or surgical intervention.